Investiture Controversy
11th- to 12th-century dispute between secular rulers and the papacy
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| December 2024 | Pope Francis reached a high of 140 cardinal electors in a December consistory, consistently exceeding the established maximum since his papacy began. |
| June 2024 | As of June 2024, Italian-born cardinals constitute 20.3% of the total College of Cardinals. |
| June 2024 | College of Cardinals with 20.3% of cardinals being Italian-born, reflecting the ongoing internationalization of the Catholic Church's leadership. |
| December 2019 | Pope Francis modified the rules for the Dean of the College of Cardinals, establishing a five-year renewable term limit. |
| 2018 | Theodore Edgar McCarrick resigned from the College of Cardinals. |
| June 2018 | Pope Francis reformed the rules governing the rank of cardinal bishop, allowing the pope to grant this rank to any cardinal of his choosing and providing them with the same privileges as those assigned to suburbicarian sees. |
| 2013 | Italian-born cardinals increased slightly to 22.60% of the total College of Cardinals during the Conclave of 2013. |
| 2013 | Conclave with 22.60% of cardinals being Italian-born, showing a slight increase from the previous conclave. |
| March 2013 | A papal conclave of 115 cardinals elected Pope Francis to succeed Pope Benedict XVI, with two cardinals not participating (Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja for health reasons and Keith O'Brien due to sexual misconduct allegations). |
| 2012 | Pope Benedict XVI exceeded the 120 cardinal elector limit, reaching a high of 125 electors. |
This contents of the box above is based on material from the Wikipedia articles Investiture Controversy & College of Cardinals, which are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.